Avaliação da armadilha ovitrampa iscada com atraente natural para o monitoramento de Aedes spp. em Dili, capital do Timor-Leste / Evaluation of the baited ovitrap with natural attractant for monitoring Aedes spp. in Dili, capital of East Timor

Resumo A dengue ocorre no Timor-Leste desde 2005, porém não existe um programa de monitoramento e controle do "Aedes aegypti". O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a armadilha ovitrampa iscada com atraente natural como uma possível ferramenta para monitorar o vetor das arboviroses: Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) e Zika (ZIKV). O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Dili, capital do Timor-Leste, entre as semanas epidemiológicas 32 (02/08) a 48 (02/12) de 2016. Foram instaladas 70 armadilhas Ovitrampa, em residências de 15 sucos (ruas), de quatro Postos Administrativos (bairros) da cidade. Para as analises dos dados utilizou-se os indicadores entomológicos: Índice de Positividade de Ovitrampa (IPO), Índice de Densidade Vetorial (IDV) e Índice de Densidade de Ovos (IDO). Durante o experimento foram coletados 158.904 ovos de Aedes spp.. O IPO demonstrou que todas as áreas tiveram 98% a 100% de armadilhas contendo ovos de Aedes spp.. Os indicadores IDO e IPO apresentaram correlações positivas e significativa com a temperatura. A defasagem de duas e três semanas para precipitação indicou correlação positiva significativa para IDV e IDO. Portanto, a armadilha ovitrampa é uma ferramenta que pode integrar as ações de um programa de monitoramento e controle de Aedes spp. no Timor-Leste.

Face social do controle do Aedes: em um bairro periférico de Fortaleza, Brasil, as mulheres tomam a palavra / The social face of Aedes control: women take the floor in a suburban district of Fortaleza, Brazil

Resumo O Aedes aegypti é um importante agente transmissor de afecções na atualidade, sendo o responsável por enfermidades como Zika, Chikungunya e os quatro sorotipos do Dengue. Por ocasião da relevância desse mosquito para o corpo social atual, investigações em Ecossaúde se tornam prementes, já que essa abordagem visa articular diferentes campos teóricos para entender as conexões históricas entre a natureza, a sociedade e a saúde. Partindo de uma premissa etnográfica, este estudo considerou as condições de desigualdade e injustiça que tornam vulneráveis a saúde de mulheres em torno do dengue, analisando práticas e percepções destas acerca dos potencias criadouros existentes no espaço público. Para compor o estudo, utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante, com uso de diário de campo. A pesquisa contou com a participação de dez mulheres moradoras de um bairro periférico da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, tendo ocorrido no período de janeiro a agosto de 2014. Da Análise de Conteúdo emergiu a categoria "Iniquidade social, contexto e práticas no espaço público". A partir das narrativas, constatou-se que condições precárias de vida e evidente iniquidade social poderão influenciar em um contexto permeado por lixo, com grande potencial para a proliferação do mosquito causador da dengue.

Abstract Aedes aegypti is currently a critical disease agent and is responsible for viruses such as Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue's four serotypes. This mosquito's relevance to the current social body has come to the fore and triggered urgent EcoHealth investigations since this approach aims to articulate different theoretical fields to understand the historical linkages between nature, society and health. Based on an ethnographic premise, this study considered the unequal and unfair conditions that make women's health vulnerable to dengue, analyzing their practices and perceptions about the potential breeding grounds in the public space. A semi-structured interview and participant observation, as well as a field diary, were used to compose the study. The research included the participation of ten women living in the outskirts of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, from January to August 2014. The category "Social inequality, context and practices in the public space" emerged from the content analysis. The narratives revealed that unstable living conditions and evident social inequality might influence in a context permeated by waste, with great potential for dengue's mosquito proliferation.

Spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Areas at risk of transmission of arboviruses have been monitored using ovitraps. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti in vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses and assess the influence of climatic conditions on the infestation of these culicids. METHODS: Ovitraps were installed in Agrestina, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Overall, 44,936 eggs were collected, and the indexes of infestation varied. Relative humidity was significantly associated with the infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Using ovitraps, entomologic indexes and analysis of climatic factors might be good strategies for monitoring vulnerable areas for the transmission of arboviruses.

Chikungunya, enfermedad emergente en América Latina. Descripción de los primeros casos en Chile / Chikungunya, emerging disease in Latin America. Description of the first cases in Chile

Resumen Introducción: Chikungunya (CHIK) se introduce en América el año 2013 diseminándose rápidamente. En 2014, se diagnosticó el primer caso importado en Chile. Objetivos: Identificar pacientes con sospecha clínica de CHIK. Describir sus características clínicas y laboratorio. Pacientes y Métodos: Se enrolaron pacientes con sospecha de CHIK. Se confirmó mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC), IgM o IgG CHIKV. Se aplicó encuesta con preguntas demográficas, características del viaje, manifestaciones clínicas y laboratorio a pacientes y médicos tratantes. Resultados: Se enrolaron 21 pacientes, confirmando CHIK en 16 que se analizaron; 12 mujeres (75%), promedio edad 39 años (27-52). Exposición más frecuente fue el Caribe y Sudamérica. El síntoma inicial fue artralgia en 63%. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron mialgias y malestar general (100%), fiebre y poliartralgia (94%). La mediana de duración de artralgias 90 días (3-262 días) y en 53% > 3 meses. Las articulaciones más comprometidas fueron tobillos, manos y muñecas, 87% con dolor invalidante. La artritis duró más en hombres que en mujeres (p < 0,001). El 38% de pacientes presentó linfopenia y un paciente trombocitopenia leve. Hubo dos hospitalizaciones por cefalea y pielonefritis aguda. Conclusiones: Chikungunya debe sospecharse en viajeros que regresan febriles y con poliartralgias intensas. Medidas de prevención deben ser indicadas a viajeros a zonas de riesgo.

Background: Chikungunya (CHIK) was introduced in The Americas in 2013, spreading rapidly. In 2014, the first imported case was diagnosed in Chile. Aim: To identify patients with clinical suspicion of CHIK and describe their clinical and laboratory characteristics. Patients and Methods: Patients with suspected CHIK were enrolled. All were confirmed by PCR, IgM or IgG CHIK. A structured survey was applied, which included demographic questions, travel characteristics, clinical manifestations, and laboratory results. Results: 21 patients were enrolled and CHIK was confirmed in 16, who were further analyzed; 12 were female (75%), average age 39 years (27-52). The Caribbean and South Americawere the most frequent sites of exposure. In 63%, the initial symptom was arthralgia. Most frequent symptoms were myalgias, malaise (both 100%), fever, and polyarthralgia (both 94%). The median duration of arthralgias was 90 days (3-262); in 53% arthralgias lasted ≥ 3 months. Main joints involved were ankles, hands, and wrists; 87% reported invalidating pain. Arthritis lasted longer in men than in women (p < 0.001). 38% of patients presented lymphopenia and one patient mild thrombocytopenia. Two patients required hospitalization, one with severe headaches, the other with acute pyelonephritis. Conclusions: Chikungunya should be suspected in returning travelers presenting with fever and severe polyarthralgia. Travelers to endemic areas should apply prevention measures to avoid mosquito bites.

Successes and failures of sixty years of vector control in French Guiana: what is the next step?

Since the 1940s, French Guiana has implemented vector control to contain or eliminate malaria, yellow fever, and, recently, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Over time, strategies have evolved depending on the location, efficacy of the methods, development of insecticide resistance, and advances in vector control techniques. This review summarises the history of vector control in French Guiana by reporting the records found in the private archives of the Institute Pasteur in French Guiana and those accessible in libraries worldwide. This publication highlights successes and failures in vector control and identifies the constraints and expectations for vector control in this French overseas territory in the Americas.

Co-infección por los virus del dengue y chikungunya: revisión narrativa / Coinfection of dengue and chikungunya viruses: narrative review

Resumen Introducción: Los virus del dengue y chikungunya son transmitidos por la hembra de los mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus, ampliamente distribuidos en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, lo que facilita la co-infección. Objetivo: Determinar la magnitud, la distribución geográfica y el cuadro clínico de la co-infección por dengue y chikungunya. Material y Métodos: Revisión narrativa. Búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Lilacs, utilizando los términos MeSH "Chikungunya", "CHIKV", "DENV", "Dengue" y "coinfection. Se incluyeron los artículos de los últimos 20 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron 45 artículos. El mayor reporte de co-infección fue en Asia seguido de África. En las Américas la información es limitada por la reciente circulación del chikungunya. La magnitud de la co-infección varió entre 0 y 31,9%. No se encontraron diferencias en la distribución de la co-infección por sexo y edad. El cuadro clínico de la mono-infección y la co-infección fue similar. Algunos reportes de caso exponen cuadros graves con afección del sistema nervioso central, manifestaciones hemorrágicas y enfermedad de Still. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones clínicas de la co-infección por dengue y chikungunya son similares a la mono-infección, situación que dificulta el diagnóstico y la medición de su magnitud.

Background: Dengue and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by the female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, facilitating coinfection. Aim: To determine the magnitude, geographical distribution and clinical picture of dengue and chikungunya coinfection. Material and Methods: Narrative review. A search in the PubMed and Lilacs databases was made, using the MeSH terms "Chikungunya", "CHIKV", "DENV", "Dengue" and "coinfection. The articles of the last 20 years were included. Results: A total of 45 articles were included. The largest coinfection report was in Asia followed by Africa. In the Americas, the information is limited because of the recent circulation of chikungunya. The magnitude of coinfection varies between 0% and 31.9%. No differences were found in the distribution of coinfection by sex and age. The clinical picture of monoinfection and coinfection was similar. Some case reports show severe cases with central nervous system involvement, hemorrhagic manifestations and Still's disease. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of coinfection by dengue and chikungunya viruses are similar to those due to monoinfection, which difficult the diagnosis and measurement of its magnitude.

Perfil e sintomas apresentados por pacientes com febre Chikungunya notificados em uma unidade de pronto atendimento: contribuição para a equipe de enfermagem / Profile and symptoms presented by patients with Chikungunya fever reported in a ready service unit: contribution to the nursing team

Objetivo: identificar o perfil dos pacientes por idade, sexo e sintomatologia como também analisar a área de abrangênciadas notificações realizadas pela Unidade de Pronto Atendimento. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagemquantitativa, com corte transversal e dados secundários. A coleta foi realizada por meio das fichas de notificação incluídas noSistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Registros notificados no período de novembro/2015 a fevereiro/2016. Apopulação e amostra foram as mesmas 230 notificações. Resultados: quando avaliada a variável faixa etária mais acometida,percebe-se que esta corresponde às idades entre 30 e 40 anos incompletos, com 22,61% (n=52). Ao ser analisado o sexo,observou-se a predominância do feminino, com 58,85% (n=133) das notificações. Quando analisada a variável sintoma artralgia,observa-se 94,78% (n=218). Considerações: é necessário o treinamento das equipes de saúde para atendimento da população.

Epidemiología de las principales enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Colombia, 1990-2016 / Transmission scenarios of major vector-borne diseases in Colombia, 1990-2016

Resumen Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores representan más de 17 % de todas las enfermedades infecciosas y causan anualmente un millón de defunciones a nivel mundial. En Colombia, la malaria, el dengue, la enfermedad de Chagas y las leishmaniasis son condiciones endemoepidémicas persistentes. Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en zonas urbanas y rurales de Colombia entre 1990 y 2016. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo del comportamiento epidemiológico de las principales enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en zonas urbanas y rurales de Colombia entre 1990 y 2016, con la información proveniente de fuentes oficiales secundarias. Resultados. En el periodo estudiado se registraron 5'360.134 casos de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, de los cuales 54,7 % fueron de malaria y 24,9 % de dengue. Estos casos concentraron el 80 % de la carga acumulada de casos de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Las medianas de las tasas de incidencia fueron 1.371 y 188 por 100.00 habitantes para malaria y dengue, respectivamente. Además, los casos de chikungunya fueron 774.831 desde su introducción en el 2014 y, los de Zika, 117.674 desde su aparición en 2015. En las zonas rurales predominaron las enfermedades parasitarias transmitidas por vectores como la malaria, las leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas. A nivel urbano, predominaron el dengue, el chikungunya y el Zika. Conclusiones. La transmisión en Colombia de estas enfermedades es persistente en las zonas urbanas y en las rurales, y de tipo endemoepidémico en los casos de malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis y enfermedad de Chagas. Dicha transmisión se ha dado de manera focalizada y con patrones variables de intensidad. Asimismo, se mantienen las condiciones que han favorecido la transmisión emergente de nuevas arbovirosis.

Abstract Introduction: Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases and annually they cause one million deaths worldwide. In Colombia, malaria, dengue, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are persistent endemo-epidemic events. Objective: To determine the behavior and transmission scenarios of vector-borne diseases in Colombia between 1990 and 2016. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive study on the epidemiological behavior of the main vector-borne diseases in Colombia between 1990 and 2016 based on information from official secondary sources. Results: During the study period, there were 5,360,144 cases of vector-borne diseases, 54.7% of which were due to malaria and 24.9% to dengue, accounting for 80% of the cumulative disease burden of vector-borne disease cases. The median incidence rates were 1,371 and 188 per 100,000 inhabitants for malaria and dengue, respectively. In addition, emerging events such as Chikungunya registered 774,831 cases since its introduction in 2014, while 117,674 Zika fever cases were reported since its emergence in 2015. In rural settings, parasitic vector-borne diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease predominated, while in urban scenarios dengue, chikungunya and Zika were predominant. Conclusions: Persistent epidemic and endemic transmission of vector-borne diseases in urban and rural settings in Colombia was observed mainly in the case of malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Such transmission was focused and had variable intensity patterns. On the other hand, the conditions that have favored the emergence of new arboviruses persist.

Viruses vector control proposal: genus Aedes emphasis

Abstract The dengue fever is a major public health problem in the world. In Brazil, in 2015, there were 1,534,932 cases, being 20,320 cases of severe form, and 811 deaths related to this disease. The distribution of Aedes aegypti, the vector, is extensive. Recently, Zika and Chikungunya viruses had arisen, sharing the same vector as dengue and became a huge public health issue. Without specific treatment, it is urgently required as an effective vector control. This article is focused on reviewing vector control strategies, their effectiveness, viability and economical impact. Among all, the Sterile Insect Technique is highlighted as the best option to be adopted in Brazil, once it is largely effectively used in the USA and Mexico for plagues related to agribusiness.

Reporte de caso de transmisión vertical de la infección por virus chikungunya / Vertical transmission of chikungunya virus infection: case report

La infección por virus chikungunya es una enfermedad transmitida por vectores, que en los años 2005-2006 se describió la transmisión vertical, con una tasa de infección en el recién nacido hasta del 49% en madres con presencia de viremia durante el parto. Puede presentar manifestaciones clínicas graves en los neonatos y potenciales secuelas en el neurodesarrollo. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de infección por virus chikungunya vertical y revisión de la literatura disponible. CASO CLÍNICO: Recién nacido de sexo femenino que inició con fiebre y exantema durante la primera semana de vida, posteriormente con elevación de transaminasas y trombocitopenia, con el antecedente de un cuadro clínico en la madre de síntomas compatibles con infección por chikungunya el día del parto. Se documentaron anticuerpos tipo IgM específicos para chikungunya que establecieron el diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: Dada la alta tasa de transmisibilidad perinatal de la infección por virus chikungunya, este diagnóstico debe considerarse en todo recién nacido hijo de madre con síntomas sugestivos de la infección en el período cercano al parto.

Chikungunya virus infection is a disease transmitted by vectors, in which vertical transmission was described in years 2005-2006. An infection rate up to 49% in neonates born from mothers with active viremia during labor has been observed. Perinatal infection could results in serious complications and potential cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: To describe a newborn with Chikungunya virus infection secundary to vertical transmission. CLINICAL CASE: A female newborn is analyzed. She presented with fever and exanthema during her first week of life, elevation of transaminases and thrombocytopenia. Her mother had had symptoms compatible with chikungunya virus infection on the day of the delivery. Specific IgM antibodies against chikungunya were documented and the diagnosis was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Given the high perinatal transmissibility rate of chikungunya virus, this diagnosis should be considered in every newborn child of a mother with suggestive symptoms of chikungunya in the days surrounding delivery.

Dengue infection in the nervous system: lessons learned for Zika and Chikungunya / Infecção por dengue no sistema nervoso: lições para Zika e Chikungunya

ABSTRACT Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya are emerging arboviruses and important causes of acute febrile disease in tropical areas. Although dengue does not represent a new condition, a geographic expansion over time has occurred with the appearance of severe neurological complications. Neglect has allowed the propagation of the vector (Aedes spp), which is also responsible for the transmission of other infections such as Zika and Chikungunya throughout the world. The increased number of infected individuals has contributed to the rise of neurological manifestations including encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital malformations such as microcephaly. In this narrative review, we characterize the impact of the geographic expansion of the vector on the appearance of neurological complications, and highlight the lack of highly accurate laboratory tests for nervous system infections. This represents a challenge for public health in the world, considering the high number of travelers and people living in endemic areas.

RESUMO Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya são arbovírus emergentes e importante causa de doença febril aguda em áreas tropicais. Embora a dengue não represente uma doença nova, houve uma expansão geográfica ao longo do tempo, com o aparecimento de complicações neurológicas graves. A negligência desta situação permitiu a propagação do vetor (Aedes spp) em todo o mundo, que também é responsável pela transmissão de outras infecções pelos vírus Zika e Chikungunya. O grande número de casos infectados contribui para o aumento de manifestações neurológicas incluindo encefalite, mielite, meningite, síndrome de Guillain-Barré e má formações congênitas, como microcefalia. Nesta revisão narrativa, destaca-se o impacto da expansão geográfica do vetor no aparecimento de complicações neurológicas e a falta de testes laboratoriais de elevada acurácia para o diagnóstico da infecção neurológica. Estes aspectos representam desafio para a saúde pública mundial, considerando o grande número de indivíduos que moram ou viajam para áreas endêmicas.

Arboviruses emerging in Brazil: challenges for clinic and implications for public health / Arboviroses emergentes no Brasil: desafios para a clínica e implicações para a saúde pública

ABSTRACT Arboviruses have been emerging in different parts of the world due to genetic changes in the virus, alteration of the host and vector population dynamics, or because of anthropogenic environmental factors. These viruses’ capacity for adaptation is notable, as well as the likelihood of their emergence and establishment in new geographic areas. In Brazilian epidemiologic scenario, the most common arboviruses are DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, although others may spread in the country. Little is yet known of the impact of viral co-circulation, which would theoretically result in more intense viremia or other immunological alterations that could trigger autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. The impact on morbidity and mortality intensifies as extensive epidemics lead to a high number of affected individuals, severe cases, and implications for health services, mainly due to the absence of treatment, vaccines, and effective prevention and control measures.

RESUMO Notifica-se a emergência de arboviroses em diferentes regiões do planeta em decorrência de mudanças genéticas no vírus, alteração da dinâmica populacional de hospedeiros e vetores ou por fatores ambientais de origem antropogênica. É notável a capacidade de adaptação desses vírus e a possibilidade de emergirem e se estabelecerem em novas áreas geográficas. No contexto epidemiológico brasileiro, os arbovírus de maior circulação são DENV, CHIKV e ZIKV, embora existam outros com potencial de disseminação no País. O impacto da cocirculação viral ainda é pouco conhecido, a qual teoricamente resultaria em viremias mais intensas ou outras alterações imunológicas que poderiam ser o gatilho para doenças autoimunes, como a síndrome de Guillain-Barré. O impacto na morbidade e mortalidade se intensifica à medida que extensas epidemias pressupõem grande número de indivíduos acometidos, casos graves e implicações sobre os serviços de saúde, principalmente diante da ausência de tratamento, vacinas e medidas efetivas de prevenção e controle.

Chikungunya outbreak in Pakistan

During the month of February 2017, Pakistan's Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination reported new cases of Chikungunya. Since December 2016 up to 24 February 2017, a total of 816 cases have been reported in the Sindh province, including 29 cases reported from various towns in Karachi

First detection of dengue and chikungunya viruses in natural populations of Aedes aegypti in Martinique during the 2013 - 2015 concomitant outbreak / Primera detección del virus del dengue y del chikungunya en poblaciones naturales de aedes aegypti en martinica durante el brote concomitante del 2013 al 2015

ABSTRACT Dengue and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In Martinique, an island of the French West Indies, Aedes aegypti is the suspected vector of both arboviruses; there is no Aedes albopictus on the island. During the concomitant outbreak of 2013 - 2015, the authors collected wild A. aegypti populations, and for the first time, detected dengue and chikungunya viruses in field-collected females. This paper demonstrates the mosquito's role in transmission of both dengue and chikungunya on the island, and also highlights a tool that public health authorities can use for preventing outbreaks.(AU)

RESUMEN Los virus del dengue y del chikungunya se transmiten a través de los mosquitos del género Aedes. Se da por supuesto que en Martinica, en las Antillas francesas, Aedes aegypti es el vector de ambos arbovirus, puesto que en la isla no hay Aedes albopictus. Durante el brote concomitante del 2013 al 2015, los autores recogieron muestras de poblaciones salvajes de A. aegypti y, por primera vez, detectaron virus del dengue y del chikungunya en las hembras obtenidas en el terreno. En el presente artículo se demuestra que el mosquito actúa en la isla como transmisor tanto del dengue como del chikungunya y se describe, además, una herramienta que las autoridades de salud pública pueden utilizar para prevenir los brotes.(AU)

Minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes / Dosis infecciosa mínima del virus del chikungunya en los mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Ae. albopictus

ABSTRACT Understanding the ability of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to be transmitted by Aedes vectors in the Americas is critical for assessing epidemiological risk. One element that must be considered is the minimum infectious dose of virus that can lead to transmission following the extrinsic incubation period. This study aimed to determine the minimum infection rate for the two Aedes species studied. The results revealed that doses as low as 3.9 log10 plaque-forming units per mL (pfu/mL) of an Asian genotype CHIKV strain can lead to transmission by Ae. albopictus, and doses of at least 5.3 log10 pfu/mL from the same strain are needed for transmission from Ae. aegypti. These low infecting doses suggest that infected individuals may be infectious for almost the entire period of their viremia, and therefore, to prevent further cases, measures should be taken to prevent them from getting bitten by mosquitoes during this period.(AU)

RESUMEN Comprender la capacidad del virus del chikungunya (CHIKV) de ser transmitido por los vectores del género Aedes en la Región de las Américas es fundamental para evaluar el riesgo epidemiológico. Un elemento que debe tenerse en cuenta es la dosis infecciosa mínima de virus que posibilita la transmisión después del período de incubación extrínseco. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la tasa de infección mínima para las dos especies del género Aedes estudiadas. Los resultados indican que bastan dosis de tan solo 3,9 log10 unidades formadoras de placas por mililitro (ufp/ml) de una cepa de CHIKV del genotipo asiático para que se produzca la transmisión por Ae. albopictus, en tanto que para la transmisión por Ae. aegypti se necesitan dosis de al menos 5,3 log10 ufp/ml de la misma cepa. Estas dosis bajas indican que las personas infectadas podrían conservar el potencial infeccioso prácticamente durante todo el período de viremia y, por consiguiente, a fin de prevenir más casos, habría que tomar medidas para impedir que reciban picaduras de mosquitos durante ese período.(AU)

Vigilancia de Fiebre Chikungunya / Chikungunya fever surveillance

La Fiebre Chikungunya es una enfermedad provocada por el virus Chikungunya (CHIKV) que pertenece al género Alphavirus (familia Togaviridae). A partir de 2004 se produjeron epidemias en África, Asia y Europa, con las que se inició una expansión global de la infección. Desde finales de 2013 la enfermedad está presente en las Américas, y no existe hasta el momento vacuna ni tratamiento con medicamentos antivirales contra esta enfermedad. El presente informe analiza sus vías de transmisión, manifestaciones clínicas, la situación epidemiológica internacional, argentina, y en Ciudad de Buenos Aires

Caracterización del proceso de preparación y respuesta de entidades territoriales de salud ante la introducción del virus Chikungunya, Colombia, 2014 / Description of the process of preparation and response of local health authorities facing the introduction of the Chikungunya virus in Colombia, 2014

Objetivo Caracterizar el proceso de preparación y respuesta de las entidades territoriales en aspectos clave de salud pública ante la fase de introducción de virus inusitados: Chikungunya en Colombia 2014. Metodología Se realizó un estudio transversal por medio de una encuesta, dirigida a los coordinadores de salud pública o referente de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores de las entidades territoriales de salud del país. Resultados Un total de 23, de las 35 entidades territoriales en riesgo de transmisión de Chikungunya, accedieron a responder la encuesta. Al revisar los puntajes de la encuesta para cada eje evaluado de una forma global, se evidenciaron mejores desempeños en los ejes de gestión del conocimiento, atención integral de casos, Inteligencia epidemiológica y promoción de la salud. El sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica durante la epidemia de Chikungunya, de acuerdo a los resultados de este estudio, tuvo baja aceptabilidad y flexibilidad, contribuyendo posiblemente a un subregistro de casos. Conclusiones Se evidencia a nivel general conocimiento y ejecución por parte de las entidades territoriales de salud de la estrategia de gestión integrada EGI para las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en los ejes evaluados en esta investigación, no obstante es necesario fortalecer los ejes de comunicación del riesgo, laboratorio y el manejo de brotes y contingencias presentadas ante la introducción de nuevos virus.(AU)

Objective To describe the process of preparation and response of local health authorities in key public health issues while facing the introduction stage of an unusual virus: Chikungunya in Colombia in 2014. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey that was developed for this study and sent to Public Health coordinators and to the person in charge of vector borne-diseases in the country's territorial entities. Results 23 out of the 35 territories at risk from the transmission of Chikungunya agreed to answer the survey. A global review of the survey scores for each evaluated section shows better performances in the areas of knowledge management, comprehensive patient care, epidemiological intelligence, and health promotion. According to the results of this study, the epidemiological surveillance system during the Chikungunya epidemic had a low acceptability and flexibility, possibly contributing to the underreporting of cases. Conclusions In general, knowledge and implementation by local authorities of the Integrated Health Strategy- EGI (Estrategia de Gestión Integral, by its Spanish acronym)- for vector-borne diseases was evident from the themes evaluated in this study. However, it is necessary to reinforce the communication of risks, laboratory, and outbreak and contingencies management areas faced during the introduction of new viruses.(AU)

Phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus among travelers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2015

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that emerged in Brazil by late 2014. In the country, two CHIKV foci characterized by the East/Central/South Africa and Asian genotypes, were established in North and Northeast regions. We characterized, by phylogenetic analyses of full and partial genomes, CHIKV from Rio de Janeiro state (2014-2015). These CHIKV strains belong to the Asian genotype, which is the determinant of the current Northern Brazilian focus, even though the genome sequence presents particular single nucleotide variations. This study provides the first genetic characterisation of CHIKV in Rio de Janeiro and highlights the potential impact of human mobility in the spread of an arthropod-borne virus.